Every year, an alarming number of babies are born prematurely around the world and face a multitude of health problems and potential obstacles to their long-term development. These early arrivals often face significant challenges, including respiratory problems, difficulty feeding and increased vulnerability to infections. To highlight the critical issues surrounding premature birth and the vital role of timely medical interventions, World Prematurity Day is celebrated annually on November 17. This day is an opportunity to raise public awareness of the different causes that can lead to premature births, as well as effective prevention strategies, thus promoting a better understanding of this important health problem.

What is premature birth?

Premature birth, also called premature birth, occurs when a baby is born before 37 weeks of gestation, a study published in the journal Vaccine. A full-term gestation usually lasts around 40 weeks. Babies born prematurely often face a range of health problems because their organs and systems may not be fully developed. “These challenges can include breathing problems, difficulty maintaining body temperature, feeding difficulties and increased risk of infections,” explains the neonatologist and pediatrician. Dr. R.Kishore Kumar. The earlier a baby is born, the greater the risk of complications and long-term health problems they may face.

6 common causes of premature birth

Various factors can contribute to premature birth, as shown by World Health Organization:

1. Maternal health conditions: Infections like urinary tract infections or sexually transmitted infections, chronic illnesses like diabetes or high blood pressure, and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia or placenta previa can increase the risk.
2. Multiple pregnancies: Carrying twins, triplets or multiple babies puts extra stress on the uterus and can lead to early labor.
3. Medical procedures: Certain medical procedures, such as cervical cerclage or in vitro fertilization (IVF), can increase the risk of premature birth.
4. Lifestyle factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and drug use during pregnancy can significantly increase the risk of premature birth.
5. Uterine or cervical problems: Structural abnormalities of the uterus or cervix, such as a weak cervix or previous uterine surgery, can contribute to early labor.
6. Unknown causes: In many cases, the exact cause of premature birth remains unknown, even after a thorough medical evaluation.

What are the symptoms of premature birth?

Here are some signs that a baby may be premature, as found in the study published in MedicinePlus:

• Premature babies are generally smaller than full-term babies.
• Their skin may be delicate, almost transparent and devoid of subcutaneous fat.
• They may have fine, downy hair covering their bodies, especially on their backs and shoulders.
• Their facial features may appear less defined, with a smaller chin and nose.
• They may have low muscle tone and be less active.
• Their lungs may not be fully developed, leading to difficulty breathing.
• They may have difficulty swallowing or coordinating their breathing and eating.
• They may have difficulty regulating their body temperature.

It is important to note that all premature babies show all these signs. The severity of these signs may vary depending on when the baby was born.

Common problems in babies born prematurely

1. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

It is a common respiratory problem in premature babies, especially those born very early, as revealed in a study published by StatPearls. During a typical pregnancy, the baby’s lungs gradually develop and produce a substance called surfactant. This substance helps the tiny air sacs in the lungs stay open, allowing the baby to breathe easily after birth. However, in premature infants, their lungs may not be fully developed, leading to insufficient surfactant production. This makes it difficult for their lungs to inflate, causing rapid, shallow breathing, grunting, and a bluish discoloration of the skin. In severe cases, the baby may need supplemental oxygen and breathing support via a ventilator.

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2. Bleeding in the brain

Premature infants have delicate, underdeveloped blood vessels in their brains, making them susceptible to bleeding. This condition, known as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), can occur when these fragile vessels rupture, a study published in the journal Acta Biomedical. The severity of bleeding can vary, with mild cases often resolving without significant long-term effects. However, severe brain hemorrhages can lead to serious complications such as hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy and developmental delays. The risk of IVH is higher in babies born very prematurely and in those with other health complications. Careful monitoring and early intervention are essential to minimize risk.

3. Digestion problem

Premature babies often experience digestive problems due to their underdeveloped digestive systems, a study published in the journal reveals Nutrients. Their stomachs may be small and immature, making it difficult to properly digest and absorb nutrients. This can lead to feeding problems, including a delay in weight gain, repeated spitting up, and difficulty synchronizing swallowing and breathing. Additionally, their intestinal lining may be more permeable, allowing bacteria to pass into the bloodstream and increasing the risk of infection.

4. Eye problem

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a serious eye disease that can affect premature infants, a study published by StatPearls. Premature infants may have poorly developed blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of their eyes. These aberrant blood vessels can leak or leave scars, leading to vision loss and even blindness. Regular eye exams are essential to monitor ROP in premature newborns. Early detection and treatment, such as laser surgery or injections, can help prevent vision damage and promote healthy visual growth.

How to prevent premature births?

Here are 6 ways to prevent premature labor:

1. Prenatal care

Regular prenatal check-ups are essential to monitor the progress of your pregnancy and identify potential risks early. These visits allow health care providers to assess the baby’s growth, monitor the mother’s health, and screen for conditions that may increase the risk of premature labor. Timely interventions, such as medications, lifestyle changes, or bed rest, can help prevent preterm labor and improve the chances of a healthy, full-term pregnancy.

2. Healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle plays a crucial role in preventing premature birth. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains provides essential nutrients for a healthy pregnancy. Regular, moderate exercise can improve overall health and reduce the risk of complications. Maintaining a healthy weight before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of premature birth. It is essential to avoid harmful substances like tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs, as they can significantly increase the risk of premature birth and other pregnancy complications. By adopting a healthy lifestyle, pregnant women can significantly improve their chances of having a full-term pregnancy.

3. Reduce stress

Stress can have a significant impact on pregnancy, potentially contributing to premature labor. Chronic stress can trigger the release of hormones that can stimulate uterine contractions and lead to early labor. To manage stress levels, it is important to practice relaxation techniques such as yoga, meditation or deep breathing. These practices can help calm the mind, reduce anxiety, and promote overall well-being. Additionally, seeking support from loved ones, joining support groups, or talking to a therapist can provide emotional relief and help cope with the challenges of pregnancy.

4. Prevent infections

Good hygiene is essential to prevent infections that can trigger premature labor. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is one of the most effective ways to reduce the spread of germs. It is especially important to wash your hands before eating, after using the toilet, and after handling raw foods. Additionally, avoiding close contact with sick people and getting vaccinated against preventable illnesses can help protect you and your baby from infections.

By following these preventive measures and seeing a doctor regularly, you can significantly reduce the risk of premature birth and ensure a healthier pregnancy.